Multiplex pulse time demodulator



` July 4, 195o E. M. DELORAINE ETAL MULTIPLEX IULSE TIME DEMODULATOR 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Original Filed Oct. 19, 1943 N Enh En m.

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MULTIPLEX PULSE TIME DEMoDuLAToR w29-5. 5 J5 I@ c//AA/A/fz Afa/w55@ Original Filed Oct. 19, 1945 July 4, 1 950 I 175 TTVTTTT Usa July 4, 195.0 E. M. DELORAINE ETAL 2,513,291

MULTIPLEX PULSE TIME DEMoDULAToR Original Filed 001'.. 19, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 /DEMODULATOR (DM) T T 01E/VE Y Patented July 4, 1950 MULTIPLEX PULSE TIME DEMDULATOR Edmond lVI. Deloraine, Paris, France, and Justin L. Fearing, White Plains, N. Y., assignors to Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware Original application October 19, 1943, Serial No.

506,802. Divided and this application November 3, 1945, Serial No. 626,564

6 Claims.

This invention relates to multiplex communication systems and methods utilizing electrical pulses, and particularly to a receiver system for separating and demodulating a multi-channel train of signal modulated pulses.

This is a division of our copending application, Serial No. 506,802, led October 19, 1943, now U. S. Patent No. 2,429,613, granted Oct. 28, 1947..

In the United States patent to E. M. Deloraine- A. H. Reeves No. 2,262,838 and the corresponding British Patent No. 509,820, a multiplex signalling system utilizing time modulation of electrical pulses as distinguished from amplitude modulated pulses is disclosed. In the Deloraine- Reeves system, the signals are transmitted independent of variation of pulse amplitude, the pulses being of small constant width compared with the time interval between successive pulses for the same channel. The time displacement of the pulses is also small and is maintained within limits, the interval of which is small compared to the time intervals between successive pulses. The time intervals between the pulses of a given channel are filled with pulses of other channels for multiplexing purposes. To avoid overlap between the pulses of different channels, the pulses of the several channels are differently timed by a distributor at the sending terminal and the receiving channels at the receiving terminal are synchronized therewith by a second distributor which is locked in step with the rst distributor by separate means.

It is an object of this invention to provide a further multiplex pulse signalling system and in particular, an improved receiver for the multichannel train of signal pulses.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method and means for separating the pulses per channel and to demodulate the pulses during the separating operation.

Another object is to provide an improved method and means for demodulating for time modulated pulses.

In accordance with the multiplexing principles of the present invention, a plurality of communication channels are provided by producing trains of electrical pulses one such train for each channel. The stations of each terminal of the system are each provided with a transmitting circuit and a receiving circuit, the transmitting circuit being used to generate the pulses for one channel and the receiving circuit being used to receive the pulses of another or return channel. The pulses of each channel ,preferably are paired off with the pulses of each pair, when unmodulated, having a time interval therebetween smaller than the time interval between succeeding pairs of pulses. The diiierent trains of channel pulses from a terminal are differently timed so that when they are fed to a transmission line they interleave together with a given time spacing between suceeding pulses thereby permitting a given amount of time modulation without interference from pulses ofvother channels. The paired-oft relation of the pulses operates to form distinct groups oi the pulses with a characteristic monitoring interval between succeeding groups.

The receiving circuit of each sub-station and trunk line is Iprovided with a gate circuit whereby only those pulses of the desired channel or channels are segregated from the other channel pulses present in the common transmission medium. In order to synchronize the receiving substations and trunk lines with the proper channels, the characteristic grouping of the channel pulses may be utilized, although other synchronizing arrangements may be employed. Where the grouping is separated by a given time interval, a suitable monitoring indicator such as a cathode ray oscillograph together with a phase control device may be used for timing the gate control circuits for the receiving sub-stations and trunk lines. Should one channel be used with a given tone or other marker signal to separate the pulse groups or to designate a given channel in the group, an audible or other form of marker detector may be used in place of or in conjunction with the cscillograph indicator. Regardless of the character of the monitoring device selected, a single monitoring device may be used for each sub-station or trunk line or to control a band of sub-stations, Whichever may be desired.

The receiver circuit includes a channel separating and demodulating circuit whereby the pulses of a desired channel are separated from the pulses of other channelsand simultaneously demodulated, that is, the time displacement of the pulses is translated into amplitude modulated energy. This separating and demodulation feature, while particularly applicable for separation of channel pulses, is also applicable for demodulation of the pulses of a single channel, the separating function operating to eliminate, to a very large extent, interference occurring between signal pulses. In multi-channel operation, the separating and demodulating circuit includes the production of energy having pedestal-like portions timed to coincide with the pulses of the channel, the separation of which is desired, The

'pulse portions of the pedestal have a voltage variation characteristic so that when the signal pulses coincide therewith, energy thereof is caused to exceed a given voltage or clipping .level whereby a current flowis produced in proportion to the time modulation of the signal pulses. The voltage variation, for example, is preferably inclined so that the time displacement of the signal pulses is translated into a corresponding amplitude modulation signal.

The above and other objects and features of the invention will be understoodmore clearly upon reference to the following detailed descrip tion and accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a multiplex signalling system provided with west and east terminals in accordance with the principles of our invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic Wiring diagram of one of the. forms `of push-pull. modulators that may be used in. the;.multiplex signalling system;

Fig. '3 is a` graphical illustrationof a set of curves illustrating the. pulsegeneration and modulation timing performed by a group of three modulators of the character shown in Fig. 2;

.Fig.4l is a schematic wiring `diagram of ademodulator .andtiming circuit therefor .adapted for'selective receptionof the. pulses of agiven channelseparatelyfrom .the pulses of other channels;

Fig.5y is..a...graphical illustration of a set of curves useful for explaining .the operation of the demodulatorand timing circuitof Fig. 4; and

Fig. 6 isla schematicwiringdiagram of amodifled form of demodulator and timing circuit.

Referring .toFig. 1 .of .thedrawings an embodimentfof .the multiplexing system is shown for purposes of .illustrating .the .principles of the invention. The system shown .isprovided with two (Westend east) terminals interconnected by a transmission link `25.

Each terminal .includes apluralityof .terminal stationsl, 2 ....n, .and .an `operators supervisory unit suchas unit 26 .at thewestterminal,

which .includes abasewave source `.Zland a.

monitoring visualindicator. 2,8. YEach .terminal stationincludes.asub-station 3l, a, modulator 33, 1ademodulator .34, ahybrid .connection connecting .the modulator Aand..denfiodulator .to

the.A substation, and two control circuitsl35 andr 3S. The circuit. contains a. phase shifter 3l' by which energy .fromy themaster wave source 2l is properly` phased .for timing `of the -pulses generated by the modulaton33. rThecircuit.Millas a phase shifter..38 similar tophase shifter'l together witha timer circuit 39. for .a generation of gate pulses for. controlling the operationof demodulator 34.

.The sub-station. 3l is.of knowncharacter, suchas commonly used for selectively switching in telephone lines `and the like for; two-way conversation.

The hybrid connection 32 is of known form having a balancing impedance Z whereby signal energy from the sub-station 3l isY properly applied to the modulator 33 and signal energy from demodulator 34 is applied to the sub-station 3l.

Modulator circuits The modulator 33 .may be any. one of several forms whereby a train of electrical. pulses, either generated by the modulator or by a separate source, is time modulated according to, a signal wave. ThisV time modulation of the-pulses is preferably biased so that when the pulses of all granted Feb. 25,-1947.

.may beof v,any wellY known type such as known automatic volume control means adapted to limit the amplitude of -waves to a predetermined value. 'The output of the amplitude limiter AL feeds the primary of a transformer 4Q which has a two-winding secondary 4|, 42. Between the windings 4| and 4'2 is connected a direct current biasing source of potential 43 having in shunt therewith a potentiometer 44 whose slidingcontact is connected to ground. A condenser 45 of negligibly low impedance .at speech frequencies is connected between thesliderof the .potentiometer and each terminal thereof, in orderl to bypass components of .the speech waves and of the channel timing wave aroundv the biasing source. In series with each of the two secondary windings .4l .and 42 is connected one of two secondary windings 45 ,and 41 of an inputtransformer 48 for the time control wave lw (Fig. 3). Each of the secondary windings 46. and 41 of the transformer 43 is connected with one of the cathodes 5l and 52 of a full-wave rectifier 50. Connected across the .connections to the cathodes is a capacitor by-which the circuitsincluding the transformer secondaries aretuned to the frequency of the time control wave. The anodes 53 and 54 of the rectifier 5l] are connected together and through an voutput resistance 55 to ground.

The operation of the cusper of Fig. 2 will be clear from reference to Fig. 3. The time control wave Iw (curve a) fed over line 35 from phase shifter .3l (Fig. l) is applied to the primary of the transformer 48 (Fig. 2). The setting of the potentiometer-44 controls the bias on the. cusper at a potential level such as indicated at 5t* in curvea. The full-wave rectification of the wave thus occurs with reference to the `level 59 as the axis of rectification thereby producing an output wave @0 having cuspsfl, 62,163, etc., (curve b) in 4the output voltage ,across resistor 55. These cus-psare paired rolf in time with the interval St between the cusps `of `each pair (see pulse pair 6|, 62) smaller than Vthe -interval 4t between succeeding pairs of cusps. The unit t isythe time interval allowed for each pulse. This relationship of the two intervals represented-.by 3tand 4f is determined by the -selected -biasonthe cusper, the pulse width and the number of channels `to becontained in one period of the time control wave lw. The relationship shown in Fig. 8 is selected for three channels and the pulse widths produced from the cusps are so selected as to provide for a, given degree of time modulation and yet leave a safety interval S between the succeeding channel pulses as indicated at curve e. This timing feature will be described in more detail hereinafter.

The output of the cusper is connected through a coupling condenser 61 of low impedance to the cusper waves (curve b), a grid leak G8 and a variable resistor 69 to a control grid 65 of vacuum tube 6B of a pulse Shaper circuit. In the cathode to ground circuit of the tube at is a variame butput resistor lil. The screen and suppressor electrodes of the tube are connected in the usual manner, the screen being positively polarized. by the anode source and the suppressor grid being connected directly to the cathode. The output conductors 'il for the time modulated pulses are connected across the resistor 10.

The control grid resistor 69 of the shaper may be varied to adjust the positive saturation potential of the tube thereby producing a substantially nat-topped wave in the output, the locking potential of the control grid being adjustable by varying the cathode resistor 10. By adjusting these two resistors in relation to each other it will be seen that the duration of the resulting output pulses may be adjusted between wide limits. The full line rectangular pulse la in curve e of Fig. 3 shows the output pulse corresponding to the cusp 6| The duration of the pulse, however, may be much smaller than shown depending upon the adjustment of resistors E9 and l0. The pulse Iaa of curve f is illustrative of a smaller width pulse output. It will be understood that the pulse width may be reduced to as small as 1 or 2 microseconds for a timing wave of six kilocycles where 100 channels more or less are desired.

The maximum limits of time displacement of the pulses are controlled by adjustment of the amplitude limiter AL (Fig. 2) and are represented by the levels l2 and 'i3 in curve a. Thus the signal variation of a signal wave .causing the axis of rectification 59 to vary between limits 12 and 'i3 causes the output wave 60 to vary in phase 'between limits 12a. and 13a. This signal variation causes the output pulse la produced from the cusp 6l to vary in displacement between the limits 72b an-d 13b. These limits are so selected as to allow for the safety interval S between the limits of modulation of the pulses of adjacent channels.

The proportions of the curves of Fig. 3 are exaggerated for clearness of illustration, it being understood, of course, that the undulationsv of the time control waves have been flattened considerably and that in actual practice they are narrow so that the limits of modulation` 12 and 'i3 extend over a portion of the wave that is substantially linear. It will also be understood that in practice the cusps 6I, 62 etc., are sharp and elongated aifording a translation thereof into substantially rectangular pulses.

Assume that the west terminal has three stations and that time control waves Iw, Zw and 3w are supplied to the modulators thereof in the u timing relation shown in curve a of Fig. 3. Three trains of pulses will be produced one for each of the time control waves as indicated by the cusper waves of curves b, c and d. It will be observed that the timing relation of the control waves must. be selected according to the pulse width produced and the limits of modulation so as to completely distribute the pulses of the three ychannels throughout the time intervals corresponding to the smaller undulations of the wave iw with regard to the rectification axis 59. It follows that because of the small and large undulations of waves on opposite sides of axis 59, the pulses of the three channels form groups of six pulses leaving an interval 15 therebetween. For synchronizing purposes it is important that the interval 'l5 be maintained equal to the interval t required for each pulse or a small multiple thereof so that the pulse train may be used at a receiving terminal to vcontrol an oscillator or Vother wave more channels.

generating circuit tuned. to the average repetition rate of the pulses of each group without permit-` ting the wave generating circuit to pull outl of step. The monitoring intervals orother intervals caused by the de-.energization of terminal stations etc., will not permit loss of synchronism so long as a large percentage of channel pulses are continued or the remaining channel pulses retain the repetition frequency component to which the oscillator at the receiving terminal is tuned. While an example of the required timing relationship for the pulses of a three channel multiplex system is shown in Fig. 3, it will be understood that these proportions may be varied considerably for different width pulses and for differentnumbers of channels without departing from the principles of the present system. The pulse width, for example, is shown in curve e as W, the pulse being displaceable to the left and right maximum displacements D in response to modulating potentials. This displacement D in earch direction is chosen equal to one-half the width W for illustration purposes only, it being understood that many other dimensional relationships may be selected. The safety zone S is arbitrarily selected equal to the width D to provide a margin of safety against encroachment of one pulse upon another, and to provide adequate spacing for segregation of the pulses of one channel from those of other channels at the receiving terminal. The relation of these values for a system containing from 3 to as high as 100 channels, for

example, may be expressed as:

W s D--Q- and =5D=5s=gl7 For specic examples of timing see the section following entitled "Channel Timing.

It will be observed in Fig. 3 that for three channels the period of wave lw is divided into seven intervals of t duration. That is, the period includes twice as many intervals t as there are channels plus one interval t for the monitoring interval T5. Theoscillator 2l (Fig. l) which may Ibe of any known type of stable oscillator, is preferably adjusted or selected for the frequency necessary depending upon the number of channels required by the system. If desired, a high frequency source may be provided together with a suitable frequency divider to reduce the frequency to that desired substantially as provided at the supervisory unit 290 at the east terminal which is described hereinafter.

Channel timing While a simple example of a three-channel circuit has been described for purposes of illustration in connection with the modulators hereinbefore described, it will be understood that in practice such systems will have a great many Assume, for example, that the frequency of the base or time control wave used is 6 k. c. and that the system has 99 channels. The monitoring interval will, in such example, be equal to two pulse intervals (2t) and the duration of one cycle of the time control wave will equal 2X99|2 or 200t. In other words, each cycle of the time control wave would include 200 pulse intervals with two of such intervals as the monitoring interval (see interval l5,

Fig. il).`

Sincethere are .two pulses for. eaclrchannelpergp cycle oftheltime control .Wai/.eg there'fare :fors a 6 k. c. Wave .2 6000.1or.-12,000.pulses flperfsecond.:l for eachchannel;d Also, since.. .there :arez11662/31 Inicroseconds.per .cycle inA a A.6. kpc. waveazeach.; 5 pulse interval-it willequal/G -of amicrosecondi... Referring-for example, to the. pulse. rel ationjlluse.. trated in 'Figi 3,' -W the durationzof each;pulse1Will.;.-. be V3 microsecond;D, .themaximumtdisplacemenm: in eaclrdirectionL will be 1/6. microsecond.- andzSn. `1 o the safetyvinterval Will be @1/6 -.microsecond.

It -will vbel-understood thatrmany. .other acharner.' nel systems xmay. :be worked out: accordingeto. ithee principles f oi this invention ,e the pulseu relation 1:. dependingupom the number of .channelsgntherw Wavefre'fniencyi thevvtime spacing alloy/edict.. the monitoring -intervals-or signals and Athesfpulse s. f. duration,I degree ofV modulation-andsafety. in. tervala between adjacent channel 'ipulsesi u For.; further-comment'-onfthe stiming of chan-nels'.see.;20 the section labelledvsynchronizing Demodula'tor circuits The demodulator@ 34.shownsinFig. ,4 translates the'lintelligencer conveyed by time..modulate.d 125 pulses into amplitude 4modulated Wavesfor.. detec'f tion 'inJthe-usual mannen. The demodulator .,is; provided withlinput terminals.: |20 @for an inputw; transformer. H9, and .output terminals.v |.2I1forpl thefamplitudemodulated signalkwaves... rFor ",useum in multiplexing, -the demodulatorv :mustbepone: trolled v.to-respond only to the/.pulses cfa-given.; channel. This may be accomplished floylmeans of a gate Wave and a demodulating Wave applied to the demodulator circuiti Yover input connec- 35 tions such as |22 and |23. The gate wave and demodulating Wave are derived from a timer 39l having input terminals |25 for a time control wave such as the wave |w' Or-Fig. 3.

The timer 39 includes two units, a -cusper and 4o a pulse Shaper.' Thecusper unit Vis quite lsimilar'- l to that of the. cusper'modulator-in Fig.-2, but-'differs therefrom in"several' respects5such -as byv the 'omissionof the amplitude limiterAlr'and #the modulating signal wave'inputfand lcv4 the addi` 45 tion of circuit"|2|ifl The"circuit V|26 includes a variable 'resistor`l2l'g ervariable*capacitorlZ/L 1 and an inductor I'Ziliniseries;'tht-:circuitu being' connected at one'endwith the primary-ofitransformer Mm'and connecte'dvatthe'other end'loy 50 line |23 to the demodulator 34. A-slider '|39H is provided 'on the cusper -outputresistor ".'iato vary the'outputvoltage. The tuning 'capacitanceconnected between .the rectifier'cathodes Ela `and 52d," includes tvv'o equal ',capacitors"|32 'i'nrseries;l Q the'junction of the capacitors .beinggrounded A single capacitor may be employed *as in ligr2l by omitting the groundconnection.

The. shaperof Fig. .4 has the same circuit as, that.in..Fig.2, butmay. be, if desired, of theform 50 shown in.Fig...6 describedhereinafter. The' out-i put resistor lila ofthe pulse Shaper isv connected byline Y|22 'to' thev demodulator 34.`

The demodulator 34 includes avacuum tube' |49 .having .a control grid lll-fito Which"signal"55 pulses are fedthioughthe transformer H95.' A grid leak...|l2 Fis shunted across the Asecondary of the transformenthrougha sourcev of negative potentialf |35 `to ground 136'. As will be madee clear hereinafter, the transformer'l |^9'operates*70= as a differentiator for translationJ of 'the'signalpulses into sharp impulses of `a character moreeasily segregated from"the'signal"pulses'offade jacent channels. The Vtube lI 40 Vlhas --a cathode f |45 connected to ground, three additionakgrid '15.:

elements @Ey-|411 and lllzand an anodelllil.v To,

thescreen-fgrid. |fl6=is :coupled the line.|23 for impressing, thereonvthe demodulating wave obtained :i from..` thefprimary winding .of transiormerfthrough-circuit |26; Suppression grid |41 is .connectedtogthefcathode m5. The grid elementA |48 .is coupledto line |22 over-Which the gate wave is received :from the timer 39. The grid;..element 1| 48,; however, is connected throughahigh'resistancezleak resistor |51 to a source-.ofl negative fvoltage IED vWhich maintains the-tubejwinormallyabiased to cut-oir so that the .energy of, the. signa1pulses1on grid .UH and the .demodulating Wave' energy on .the screen grid |46 .will be..insuicient-,.to cause the .tube to pass currentuntil, they :.coincidetogether with pulse energy :of: the. Jgate, vWave v on `grid element. 48'.

Aby-.passcondenser....|5l shunting the output circuitf anode 149 providesza path of .relatively lowv impedance.;for components of a frequency abovefthose. of the signal-waves. A resistor .|58 in shunt-'withfthe primary of theI output transformer I 62 -.damps' the. fJutputV circuitv .to prevent or reduce i objectionable transient; oscillations whichfmight:otherwise. result from shock eX- citation of .the circuit r'by @components .of the pulses.. .An inductive .reactance Il may be connected in series with the secondary of the output:y transformer l |62. for.. still further reducing the youtput .ofiundesired Ahigh frequency componentsvabove thesignal vWaveirequency11i desired.1.-It..will1'be .understood that any suitable low-pass circuit meanslmay be provided-in either l theprimary orisecondar-y transformer-for aocomplishing ..a. similar result.

Wlf-ilethe time-control wave-for the "timer @il y mayrbe #used as thedemodulator Wave'- for the I demodulator 34,' it lis-preferredlto pass the-time control vWave of circuity |26 through. a known ltuned -amplier |52- Y-vvllereby Ia suitableharmonicY of theVA time I-controlwave isl obtainable 1t is preferable to ernployasl high-a-harmonic as .possible inorder to obtain the advantage of a steeper slope--uponwhich-thesignal pulses-and the gatey pulses are-to bewsuperimposedfor translation' of the timevmodulation ofv the'signal pulses-finto effectiveamplitudemodulatednpulses as will be seen byreference to Fig;` 5.

Curve-a of-Fig shows a series of line or channel signal pulses-'fora'system-having three chan'- nels; The curvera shows six'pulses in a groupr separated by a monitoring-interval lfrom'the irst pulse'of the next group-the same as in curve" e of'Fig'.-'3.` Cu'rveb shovvs'the signal pulses after differentiation. bythe input transformer l 9; each signal `pulse such las Hlu 'being thereafter repree sented-"by tWo-irnpulses,I one-positive and thel other-lnegative," such as a and a.' Curve c shows a" series of-gatewave' pulses lx, ly and la in suchalignment With-'the channel pulses of curve a as to'pass those'pulses representingchannel As for other channels, ygate Waves similar to that shownincurvec arev leach aligned orsynchronized 'with-thef pulses` 'of the particular `channel to be received lbythe corresponding derrlodulator.

Curve-d shows;` for purposes 'ofY illustration, a demodulating -Wave W0 A-such' as -Would bevobtainedfrom the primary of transformer Illia; and Which-correspondsdirectly-to the frequency of the time -controlvwave used-for the three-channel system; Tlfiiswavey alsof-such phasearelation to the gatewave and-thepulses in channel No. as

to align the sloping...portions.thereof with. the gate v@pulses andathesignall ipulsesof channel 1|. i For .the *most leiective. translation :of the.I timed..

modulation of the signal pulses into amplitude modulated pulses, a much higher frequency wave is preferred. This is desirable because the side slopes of each undulation of the higher frequency wave are much steeper as is clear from a comparison of the waves Illia `with wave |10. When the gate pulses and the signal pulses are superimposed thereon, it will be clear that the steeper the slope, the greater is the amplitude variation obtainable for a given amount of pulse displacement. For a further understanding of the principles of demodulation of time modulated pulses, reference is made to a copending application of D. D. Grieg, Serial No. 459,959, filed September 28, 1942, now U. S. Patent No. 2,416,306, granted Feb. 25, 1947.

The different wave potentials applied to the grid elements of the demodulator tube include the impulses of curve b, the gate wave of curve c and the demodulating wave |10, Illia or such other frequency wave as may be desired. Curve e shows these different wave potentials combined to illustrate the gate and the threshold clipping functions of the tube H40 of Fig. 4. The normal negative D. C. bias on the grid element |48 may be adjusted so that anode current begins to flow when the positive signal impulses reach a predetermined amplitude such as the threshold level |12. With this adjustment, anode current is produced in the tube |40 only for brief intervals corresponding to the peaks of signal impulses la. lb. etc., the amplitude of the energy passed by the tube being substantially directly in proportion to the amount of displacement of the signal impulses from their unmodulated positions. It will be seen that the top edges of the gate wave pulses in curve e are sloped according to that of the portion of the demodulating wave upon which the gate pulses arer superimposed. For most purposes, the frequency of the time control wave such as represented by wave is not sufficiently high to` provide steep enough sides for satisfactory demodulation. This as hereinbefore stated, may be overcome by using the tuned amplifier |52 to obtain a high odd harmonic from the wave H0. The harmonic Ila for example, is illustrative of this principle, the steepness of the side slopes thereof being indicated at |1017 in graph e for comparison with the top slope of gate pulse im.

To summarize the operation of the demodulator of Fig. 4, the anode current of tube |40 is normally blocked by the negative bias on grid element Hi8. When a gate pulse such as pulse icc of curve c, Fig. 5, is applied. the negative bias on the control grid is reduced to such a value that the peak of the signal impulses will cause appreciable anode current to` flow through the tube. The grid voltage, of course, is varied at the same time by the demodulating wave |'i0 or llila as the case may be. Thus, the gate pulses operu ulation or displacement of the signal impulses.

Thus, for illustration purposes, let it be assumed that the time modulations applied to impulses la', Ib' and |c, graph e, Fig. 5, are progressively greater as indicated by the broken line positions lla, Hb and llc. The resulting anode current for such modulation of the signal impulses would be substantially as indicated by the impulses lla', IIb and llc of curve f. These impulsse of curve f represent in amplitude variations the time displacement between impulse positions la' to Ha; lb to lib; and |c to Ic, and the line |13 represents the envelope defined by the anode current impulses.

It will be understood that these curves greatly exaggerate the relative proportions since there are for a 6 k.c. system, 12,000 signal impulses per second. To represent more clearly the envelopes dened by these impulses, curve g is provided at a reduced scale with three of the impulses thereof selected as representing impulses lla', lib' and ||c' of curve f. Audio detection of the signal impulses of curve g is represented by the resulting wave |13a.

The advantage of differentiating the input signals before they are applied to the control grid is that differentiation makes it possible in some cases to reduce the width of the gate opening to approximately 50 per cent of that necessary for allowing for the passage of undifferentiated pulses.` This result will be understood from the fact that a verysharp differentiated pulse may be produced to represent the response producing edge, such as the leading edge of the signal pulse, and that it is necessary for the gate to be open only wide enough to equal the duration of the sharp pulse plus an interval corresponding approximately with the maximum time displacements caused by modulating signals.

By differentiating the signal pulses and reducing the time width of the gate pulses, an advantage results that the signal-to-noise ratio may be considerably reduced as compared with that obtained when the undifferentiated pulse is applied directly to the control grid. From another point of view, an advantage results from the fact that the system operates at the received end of the line as though the line had satisfactorily transmitted pulses of shorter duration and correspondingly higher signal-to-noise ratio than the particular line may have been capable of satisfactorily transmitting. In other words, if a given line be adapted for transmitting a pulse of certain minimum duration, the receiver may bemadeto respondby differentiation to a considerably shorter pulse than the line was` capable of effectively transmitting. An advantage of transmitting the longer duration pulse than that employed at the receiver after diferentiation, it that more signal energy may be transmitted at a fixed amplitude than if pulses of the very short duration were actually transmitted on the line. Thus there wouldgenerally be less likelihood of the maximum signal amplitude falling below the desired value by the time it reaches the receiver.

It will be understood that the sensitivity of response of the demodulator increases with increase of slope of the demodulating wave and thatrthe slope may be increased by either of two methods. One by increasing the amplitude of the demodulating wave as indicated at |7017, the D. C. negative bias and the gate wave applied to the grid, of course, being correspondingly increased. The other method as hereinbefore described is to employ a higher odd harmonic of the channel timing wave as indicated by wave lliia, provided the minimum gate opening required for passing signal pulses does not extend over such a large fraction of the demodulating grid `leak resistance IBZ.

Wave cycle that-the portion of demodulating Wave Within thelimits of the gate. O peningdeparts appreciably. from a straightline or. departs sufliciently therefrom to introduceobjectionable ydistortion in the demodulatng operation.

The. demodulator. andtimer of .Fig. .6 may be substituted for that. of. Fig. 4. The timer includes a cusperunitand a ,pulse shaperunit as in Fig. 4, .thecusper being ofthe same design but the shapendiieringby having atWo-stage .amplien Theinputfoftheshaper includes low impedance blockingcondenserlllas shown and ,Themathode 184 of the rst tube [.83 isr connected. through a variable resistor |85 .Withthe negative .terminal .of v the .anode-current. source -I Blyvhich is also grounded at .-If. TheV cathode resistor l85..is shunted by a loW impedance by-pass condenser L88..to preventfeed-back of vcurrent ,variations from the output toA the. input circuits. -The lanofiecurrent source .is'connectedthrongh asvariable resistor I 9 I with the anode .of` .tube 133,. theresistor serving .as a couplingresistorI I.between `the tubes. Resistors i.SZa v.and Nia. and. vcondensors 18Go yand .|8311 in the-gridv circuit o.f..tube- I94- corre- -spend respectivelywith resistors. [82. andv |85 and condensorsJ iland L88 in the grid circuit of tubeJ 83. The. cathodeof. theseccndtube |94 is connected to the negative terminal of. current source I 95..and alsogroundedat I 81m The positive terminal, of,.thes ource v i95 is connected throughv an output resistor :I9 ISv vvs/ith. thaanode ofthe. :second tube I M. i IThe. .output .connection !S1..across theresistor. I Bfisfcoupledto a grid element 20 I of the demodulator vacuum tube .f .290.. Thegridelement 2IlI i s provided withalgrid resistor to which. isapplied anegative. bias |88 or suicient value.. to normal1y` maintain .the tube 200 at cutoisimilarlyas inthe caseof the vnegative .bias of`l50. on.tube..I4Il in liig. 4.

. The demodulator .of Fig. .6 isfprouidedivith input. and outputtermnals the sameas. in demod- Vulator vof Fig. .4. The .tubemanbe ofthe ,6L'7 .pentagrid converter type. ..The input fort. signal pulses is ,shownconnected betweengridlllaand vground m9,; the grid .being coupled `by.. the.. low

impedance blockingcondenser 2.03 .withthe upper lineconductorend hailing. a. gridleak 2l@ v and negative potential. source 2,I I. f The cathode lv and suppressor grid of tubeMZliIl arennnected toground L99. Gridelements 2 2.,-.and.'25l4 are connected .together and ,through .tuned circuit .2I5.to the lpositive terminal ofvtheanodevcurrent source ZIB.

It will be-notedthat the-Fig. 6. demodulator .is shownasthough. the transformer .I I9 of 4 Were omittedthus -applying. the,.signal pulses without differentiation., vdirectly .to.. thefcontrol .-grid of the tube. Sucharrangement-would require that the gate pulse be madacorrespond- .ingly wider. than in thefcase, of Fig. Ll, in order i. to accommodate. the passage of, the line .pulses I a, Ib.. Ie, etc.,- Fig. 5. .Itivill` be. understood, hcwvever, that. the transformer. I IS.A ot Fig. 4 may be placed in thenputlili of Fig. 6, in whichcase, differentiated .pulses will beapplied to. .the control grid andA thegate. .Wave may. then ,be ,made ofthe ,same widthas inthe. case of Fig. 4.

. In adjrusting.. the. pulselshaper of Fig. 6 for control of thegate pulses, the maximumduration of the gate pulses may Ybe. obtained by adjusting the cathode resistonlwhich controls, the cut-off .,level. at .which .the ibase.A of.. the, input .Wave is clipped. -Byraisingthaslider [30a ontheoutput of the cusper, the Width of the gate may be increased and by lowering the'slider the gate may be narrowed. In orderthat the gate wave may have as nearly a rectangular shape as possible, the

slider of the cusper output resistor is preferably .adjusted near its 'uppermost position with the cathode resistor I85 properly adjusted to provide the desired gate Width. The resistor I9I is then adjusted to vary'the clipping level at the top of the output gate Wave to provide a gate Wave of proper :amplitude with relation to'the blocking bias normally actingon grid of thedemodulaf tenso that the desired signal impulses superposed upon thevtop of the gate `Wave pulses,v produce anode current as hereinb'eforedescribed.

The demodulator tuned circuit 2I5' is made resonant to the frequencyof the time control Wave or preferably to anI odd harmonic thereof, thereby providing a demodulating Wave frequency such that a substantially linear slope of proper steepness is provided atthe top of each gate pulse.

' The incoming signal pulses are applied to grid =`2Il3, those pulses of the proper channel being in proper timing with the gate pulses." Resonant oscillations are set-up in circuit v2I5 by shock excitation as when the tube y'291) conducts anode current in response to signal pulses, the initiation of which may be brought about by decreasing the negative bias at 198. vThese oscillations are used as the demodulating Wave since the amplitude thereof is directly related with the degree of time modulation ofthe signal pulses. This, as explained in the aforesaid Grieg application,

'Serial'Nol :459;959yresults in a substantially true translation 'of `the time displacement of each signal pulse into corresponding amplitude for an output pulse.

f The demodulators and timers 0f Figs. 4 and 6 may be employed for= the reception of time modulated pulses in systems other than those 'utilizing a double pulse subjected to push-pull displacement." `For example, the demodulators and timers may be used in the case of a time modulated pulse Asystem Whereinall pulses in any one channel have equal spacings between the average positions of successive pulses and thegate openings are equally rspaced apart.

system. may be, provided with input and outputs vSignalling In addition to thespeechfrequencyinput,.the modulator.v vand demodulators of, the multiplex respectively, for direct. current ringing, code, or other signals of. a periodlonger. than that 0f the lowestutilized speech frequencycomponent. In -Fig. 2, a D. C. signal inputeircuit 240 is connected across the.upp.er potenticmetercondenser, the circuit being. traced from the upper.. terminal of the potentiometer .to .the manually Operable lever .Y ofthekey 1242 and tother armature. ofthe relay 243.3116.. from the back..contacts ofthe key and relay ,through resistor 2f# I. .to ground. The i time constant Yof resistor, 2M. incombination withthe component.

.upper. potentiometer condenser. d5 .and its con- A ual key 242 may beclosedtosend a signaler code .message to -an operator. at the distant end of the channel.

Referring to Figs. 4 and 6, the anodes ofthe 13 tubes of the demodulator circuits each connects conductively through an inductor or choke coil 25|) in series vwith the coil of a marginal slow acting relay 25i. The main output for speech frequency waves in' each circuit includes a, transformer IZ whose primary is connected at one end by a blocking condenser 254 with the anode, the other end being connected directly with the positive terminal of the anode current source, so that the main output transformer is capacity coupled across the relay and choke coil which acts as a relatively high impedance to the speech frequency waves.

The relay when operated closes its contacts to light the supervisory lamp 255 or to operate some other signal for the terminal supervisory operator, and/or to transmit a ringing current or ringing control current for use in conjunction with the telephone circuit of the channel. The relay is preferably designed to have a minimum response period slightly longer than that of the lowest utilized speech frequency component, and is adjusted to respond to closure of the modulator signal key or relay contacts when the demodulator is properly aligned with the incoming channel pulses, but is adjusted to be non-responsive to the anode current produced by unmodulated pulses.

While we have shown and described specific circuits and certain variations thereof, we realize that many additional circuit arrangements and variations are possible without departing from the invention. It is to be understood therefore, that the embodiments herein shown and described are to be regarded as illustrative of the invention only and not as restricting the scope of the invention as set forth in the objects and the appended claims.

We claim:

1. In a receiver for selective reception of a channel of communication from a multi-channel train of signal pulses, the pulses of at least the desired channel being modulated in time relative to a given recurrence timing according to signal intelligence, a multi-grid vacuum tube having a plate-cathode output circuit, means to apply the input signals to a grid of said tube. means to bias a grid of said tube to threshold clip at a given voltage level, means for applying to a grid of said tube an oscillatory wave in synchronism with said given recurrence timing,

' means for applying to another grid of said tube substantially rectangular pulses timed to coincide with pulses of said desired channel, the composite energy of said wave and said rectangular pulses resulting in pulse portions having a voltage variation according to the corresponding wave portions which. when combined with signal pulses exceeds said given voltage level, whereby coincidence between said pulse portions and the signal pulses of said desired channel produces current flow in said output circuit proportional to the time modulation of such signal pulses.

2. In a receiver for time modulated signal pulses, valve means for passing current when the voltage applied thereto exceeds a given voltage level, means to produce, in application to said valve means, energy having pedestal-like pulse portions timed to coincide with a received train of time modulated signal pulses, said pulse portions having a voltage variation characteristic, the energy of which, when combined with said signal pulses exceeds said given voltage level to produce current flow through said means proportional to the time modulation of said signal pulses,

14 said means for producing energy having pedestallike portions including means for producing an oscillatory wave in synchronism with the average recurrence rate of said signal pulses and means for producing substantially rectangular pulses in coincidence with said signal pulses.

3. In a receiver for time modulated signal pulses, valve means for passing current when the voltage applied thereto exceeds a given voltage level, means to produce, in application to said valve means, energy having pedestal-like pulse portions timed to coincide with a received train of time modulated signal pulses, said pulse portions having a voltage variation characteristic, the energy of which, when combined with said signal pulses exceeds said given voltage level to produce current iiow through said means proportional to the time modulation of said signal pulses, said means for producing energy having pedestallike portions including means for producing substantially rectangular pulses timed to coincide with said signal pulses and a resonant circuit associated with said valve means for shock excitation each time said valve means passes current, whereby said resonant circuit applies to said valve means oscillatory energy for combining action with said rectangular and signal pulses.

4. In a receiver for selective reception of a channel of communication from a multi-channel train of signal pulses, the pulses of at least the desired channel being modulated in time relative to a given recurrence timing according to signal intelligence; a method comprising producing substantially rectangular pulses in coincidence with the pulses of the desired channel, producing an oscillatory wave in synchronism with said given recurrence timing, combining portions of said wave with said rectangular pulses to produce pulse portions having voltage variation according to corresponding portions of said wave, applying said pulse portions to said train of signal pulses for coincidence with the pulses of said desired channel, thereby producing voltage potentials varying in amplitude according to the time modulation of said signal pulses, and producing current flow corresponding to said voltage potentials.

5. A method for receiving time modulated pulses, comprising producing substantially rectangular pulses in coincidence with said time modulated pulses, producing an oscillatory wave in synchronism with the average recurrence timing of said modulated pulses, combining portions of said wave with said rectangular pulses to produce pulse portions having voltage variation according to corresponding portions of said wave,

and applying said pulse portions to the receivedk time modulated pulses for coincidence therewith, thereby producing voltage potentials varying in amplitude according to the time displacements of said modulated pulses.

6. A method of receiving signal pulses pushpull modulated in time according to signal intelligence, producing pedestal-like pulses having a voltage variation characteristic, the voltage variations of successive pulses being oppositely disposed, and causing said pedestal-like pulses to coincide with said time modulated pulses, said voltage variations coacting with said signal pulses to produce voltage potentials varying in amplitude according to the time displacements of the signal pulses.

EDMOND M. DELORAINE. JUSTIN L. FEARING.

(References on following page)I r. y Number Y .Name Date REFERENCES CITED ,Y 2,379,899 `Hansen lJuly 10, 1945 lhefxouowng references are of recordrin the 2,391,776 Fredendal Dec 25, 1945 ""flle' 0f 11h15 lflfatent 2,413,023 Young Dec, 24, 1946 AUNITED STATES PATENTS 5 2,416,306 Grieg Feb. 25, 1947 Number Name Date 2,418,116 Grleg Apr. 1, 1947 2,199,634 -KOCh May 7, '1940 

